Should Abortion Be Legal - 871 Words

This film focuses on southern states and all the difficulties that abortion clinics down there have to go through. It shows only two doctors, because there isn’t many doctors that work in these abortion clinics. TRAP laws are laws that are applied to abortion clinics, which are really only there to make it harder to get an abortion. They make the whole process longer, and try to scare these women by saying facts that really not just apply to abortions, but any pregnancy. These doctors have to see many women per week, and often travel to other states because of the lack of doctors. Many of the women don’t have enough money which could be a reason for them to want an abortion in the first place. However these clinics keep getting shut down. They showed a map of all the abortion clinics in Texas and there was a bit over ten, and now there is only around four. Four clinics is such a small number, for the population number in Texas. Many women can’t drive that far out , because of their full time jobs and other duties they might have. This seems to be intentional though, a lack of clinics means lower abortion rates. This isn’t the case though, women continue to have abortions but not in a safe environment. One of the doctors they show is a Christian, and also helps in the clinic. They often get protestors that are pro life outside the clinic and they always shame him. They bring up how he is obviously not Christian, and why he is doing what he is. These protestors are allowedShow MoreRelatedAbortion Should Not Be Legal1647 Words   |  7 PagesOne of the most highly debated topics is abortion and whether or not it should be legal. People who oppose abortion, meaning they are pro-life claim that abortion should be completely illegal with no aspects of it whatsoever; it can be a murder for the people standing against it. The other side of the argument, meaning people who are pro-choice, defend it by believing it to be a right been given to the women. They also claim even if abortion was to be illegal, it would still be practiced. EveryRead MoreAbortion Should Not Be Legal920 Words   |  4 Pagesworld has struggled with for ages and one thing that people are advocating around the world for is abortion. Abortion is either a procedure or pill that stops a fetus s heart. Abortion should not be legal because life beings at creation, abortions are a direct violation of the 14th amendment, and thousands of people would love to adopt a child: handicapped or otherwise. Abortion should not be legal because life begins at creation. What is creation? Some people say conception, but it actually isRead MoreAbortion Should Not Be Legal Essay1596 Words   |  7 Pages Abortions have been performed on women for thousands of years. Abortion is the deliberate termination of a human pregnancy. Most often it is performed during the first 20 weeks of being pregnant. The controversy over whether or not abortion should be legal continues to divide Americans till this day. An important landmark case was the Roe v. Wade case, where the Court argued that the zone of privacy was broad enough to encompass a woman s decision whether or not to terminateRead MoreShould Abortion Be Legal?1320 Words   |  6 PagesAbortion, as you all may know, is a really popular topic. There have long been many debates between the two groups, pro-life and pro-choice. People who are pro-life believe that part of the government’s job is to protect all forms of human life. Those who are pro-choice believe that every individual should have control over their own reproductive systems. Pro-life supporters strongly believe that even an undeveloped fetus has lif e; it is still growing and it needs to be protected. And this soundsRead MoreShould Abortion Be Legal?1135 Words   |  5 PagesKelsi Hodgkin Composition 1 Professor Chipps 19 October 2015 Should Abortion Be Legal A common debate in the world today involves abortion, the deliberate end of human pregnancy, and whether or not it should be legalized. â€Å"Every year in the world there are an estimated 40-50 million abortions. This corresponds to approximately 125,000 abortions per day† (â€Å"Abortions Worldwide this Year†). On one side of the argument, people are not disturbed by this grotesque number, and on theRead MoreShould Abortion Be Legal?963 Words   |  4 PagesLegal or Illegal? Which would you prefer? Not many are willing to discuss such a gut wrenching topic, but this needs to be addressed. It is a very controversial topic with having to do with women rights and activists. Since there are two sides to every argument, there is one side such as to make abortion legal and the opposing side to keep abortions illegal. In my opinion making abortion illegal can regulate the amount of women who do get pregnant. I believe that making abortions legal will let womenRead MoreShould Abortion Be Legal?867 Words   |  4 PagesABORTION Abortion is a deliberate termination of a human pregnancy, most often performed the first 20 weeks of pregnancy. There are series of legal, moral and ethical issues which may arise about abortion. Most arguments about abortion are often focused on political insinuations and the legal aspect of such actions. Some frequently asked questions’ regarding the issue is if the practice should be outlawed and regarded as murder or should women have the right to practice it. For example, prior toRead MoreShould Abortion Be Legal?1217 Words   |  5 PagesNovember 2015 Should Abortion be Legal Among all the issues that have been fought for or against in the United States, abortion may be one of the most popular issues that Americans are passionate about. Abortion is defined as the removal of the embryo or fetus from the uterus in order to end a pregnancy. Thousands of abortions take place every single day, and yet public opinion remains at a standstill as to whether or not abortion is ethical. Everyone holds different opinions on abortion. The proponentsRead MoreShould Abortions Be Legal?939 Words   |  4 PagesShould abortions be legal? Abortions have been a big issue since the Roe v Wade case. There have been a lot of disagreements between the Pro-life supporters and the pro-choice supporters. Pro-life supporters feel like abortions deter murder, while pro-choice supporters believe that the women should be able to make their own decisions. I am a part of the pro-life supporters because I feel like abortions are wrong for several of reasons. Why should women get an abor tion if there are other choices forRead MoreShould Abortion Be Legal? Essay1089 Words   |  5 PagesWhen the word abortion is heard, it is always associated with many negative things such as murder and inhumanity. However not legalizing abortion creates a huge problem for women around the world. Having a child takes consideration, planning and preparation and if pregnancy happens without any of this, why bother to have it at all? The reasons why abortion should be legal is that it supports the fundamental human rights for women by giving them a choice, it reduces crime by reducing the number of

Disability and Sport Hypermasculinity Explored Free Essays

string(118) " to increase box office and rental sales, narratives are filed with homogenizing representations and saleable themes\." Whether you prefer â€Å"the Blade Runner†, â€Å"the Man Without Legs†, â€Å"the Fastest Man on No Legs† or Oscar Pistorius, this young man’s story will serve as a case study of mainstreaming in ‘disability sports’, specifically in the film Murderball. Pistorius is a 21-year-old South African below the knee amputee who won gold in the 100, 200 and 400 meter events at the 2006 Paralympic Athletics World Championships. Pistorius was regarded as being fast enough to earn a spot for the 200- and 400-meter sprints on South Africa’s Olympic team. We will write a custom essay sample on Disability and Sport: Hypermasculinity Explored or any similar topic only for you Order Now Pistorius asked to be allowed to run in the Olympics if he would qualify for his country’s Olympic team. The world governing body for track and field (IAAF) ruled on 14 January 2008 – invoking its rule 144. 2 which deals with technical aids – â€Å"that double-amputee sprinter Oscar Pistorius is ineligible to compete in the Beijing Olympics because his prosthetic racing legs give him a clear competitive advantage† (IAAF, 2008). The story of Pistorius well serve as the example of attempted mainstreaming of disability in sports, on the elite international front. Does the film Muderball make progress in mainstreaming disability through sport? The merits of the film will be analyzed through the lens of the relationship sport and disability, as well as its connotations for mainstreaming in disability. Murderball presents a unique opportunity to reflect on representations of disability in the contemporary North American context. The narrative of the film constructs a rugby wheelchair rivalry between Team U. S. A. , captained by Mark Zupan, and Team Canada, coached by Joe Soars. Murderball does exceptionally well in muddling the notions of people with disabilities as fragile and helpless, countering ableist assumptions about what persons with quadriplegia can accomplish. However, based on a close reading of the film, it is suggested that Murderball accomplishes this disruption through the celebration of ableist, sexist and heterosexist tropes. The following is a critique the film’s construction of the relationship between competitive international sport settings, disability, and masculinity by drawing on anti-normative politics. It is proposed that recuperations of normative identity in Murderball rely on a jingoistic and violent moral authority, while subjecting themselves to the constraints of normalcy. Due to its popularity and its subject matter, the film presents a unique opportunity to reflect on representations of disability, through the unique lens of sport, in the contemporary North American context. In portraying disabled men participating in a highly risk involving contact sport in intensely belligerent nationalist settings, the film differs from the majority of North American cinematic portrayals of disability. As Irving Zola, in his Missing Pieces: A Chronicle of Living With a Disability, points out that â€Å"the use of the concept of danger was questionable, for a basic human right  is the right to take  risks†, a right which a quadreplegic does not surrender. Murderball serves to humanize disability in this regard. It was compelling to undertake a critical examination of the film that Murderball works exceptionally well to disrupt notions of people with disabilities as fragile and helpless, and that disability was humanized through the story presented. Kurt Lindemann and James Cherney (2008) similarly argue that: â€Å"wheelchair rugby is itself a communicative act that sends a complex message to both the community of sport and our broader social collectives that counters ableist assumptions about what persons with quadriplegia can accomplish† (p. 08). Within the discipline of disability studies, premises of disability have evolved in the last several decades. Nigel Thomas and Andy Smith (2009) note that there has been â€Å"a shift from medical, individualized definitions and ideologies of disability to more socially constructed explanations of disability, which place more responsibility for disability on mainstream society† (p. 23). The medical model, however, is not without its merits. Disability has become a topic in sport sociology with increasing depth in recent years. Themes that have commonly been addressed include: disability sport policies, governing bodies, and the opportunities for participation they provide; media portrayals of disability sport; the ways that athlete’s identities are negotiated through medical and social models of disability; and the role sports play in managing the stigmatization of athletes with disabilities. Within the study of the sociology of sport masculinity has become a dominant topic of discussion. David Howe and Carwyn Jones (2006) consider the classification of disabled athletes into competitive classes in amateur associations and Paralympic competition. They claim that the International Paralympic Committee has marginalized the disability sports community by controlling classification systems and imposing restrictions on opportunities for equitable sports practice. Their justification is, that this threatens the ideology of Paralympism while ignoring the empowerment of non-elite athletes (Howe Jones, 2006, p. 44). While providing an analysis of sport’s structure, choices, and fairness for participants of all abilities, Howard Nixon (2007) advocates for the creation of diverse sports opportunities for people with disabilities. My critique of Murderball does not extend to the sport’s governing body, or policies that effect the sport, however the case study of Oscar Pistorius serves this exact purpose. How do individuals with disabilities negotiate their identities through sport? Both social and medical models of disability affect disability sport participants’ identity formation, while success in international disability sport may lead to positive subjectivity, changed self-understanding, and an increased sense of personal empowerment. Much research of participation in disability sports at the school age indicates that physical activity is a normalizing experience for these children as it facilitates friendships and social identity (Taub Greer, 2000). The problems of normative aspects of the representation of athletes with disabilities in Murderball demonstrates that people with profound disabilities can be aggressive and athletic. It must be noted that all of the people with disabilities depicted in Murderball are elite athletes in international competition who are shown making aggressive plays on the court and whose off court commentary is full of macho bravado. The limited representation of people with disabilities in popular films may be partially attributed to the pursuit of profit. In attempt to appeal to the largest audience possible and to increase box office and rental sales, narratives are filed with homogenizing representations and saleable themes. You read "Disability and Sport: Hypermasculinity Explored" in category "Essay examples" Normative narratives allow the maximum projected audience to relate to the story, by relaying common themes such as normative masculinity Murderball subscribes to this familiar scheme by placing the athletes at the center of a very conservative political project. The film positions quad-rugby players as worthy subjects of the documentary according to their ability to participate in a sport that requires affirmations fitting with normative masculinity such as power, violence, hypersexuality, and strength. Meanwhile, The players’ contentions with stereotypes associated with disability is unfortunately overtaken by a seemingly constant reiteration of the athletes’ capacity for athletic competition, and this is demonstrated through their sport participation and physicality. This situates the athletes’ conformity to hegemonic masculinity in that â€Å"the athletic male body has been a mark of power and moral superiority for those who bear it† (Dutton in Dworkin ; Wachs, 2000, p. 49). The opening scene effectively illustrates the ethos of the film in this respect. Mark Zupan undresses and gets himself ready for a workout. As he begins to dress in athletic shorts, he removes his shirt revealing a defined white, muscular torso, his physical presence doesn’t seem weak or fragile. He is clearly capable of dressing himself, the absence of a sound track is noted as uncharacteristic for contemporary North American cinema. This leaves an uncomfortable silence as accompaniment for an intimate moment rarely depicted on camera. The mere fact that he has an obvious impairment and uses a wheelchair is also atypical for popular cinema. This silent visual representation provides context for the film’s opening credits and sets up the primary subject of the film. The uncomfortable image is contrasted with Mark Zupan’s capacity to be independent and fill the screen with his presence. His large bold tattoo is featured in the center of the picture as he lifts his leg with his hands. Zupan assembles a wheelchair highlighting its mechanical efficiency with close up shots of nuts, bolts, spokes and a battered metal surface covered with an American flag sticker. An electric motor makes noise, as the wheels are pumped up. The name Zupan is affixed to the pump with athletic tape. Although he does not represent completely normative masculinity as a man with a disability, the other aspects of his presence in this scene – his strength, his ability to perform complex technical tasks self sufficiently, and his loud tattoo and goatee – are symbolic of a strong masculine physicality. His embodiment also works to code his non-conformity as marketable. On a surface level, then, the film’s popularity can be considered a success for disability cultural activist movement. It is an authentic portrayal of a disabled subculture that avoids the traditional narrative traps of many mainstream disability films. The audience is immediately directed to check their well- intentioned sympathies at the door, along with any preconceived notions about the fragility of the disabled body. Disability sexuality, a taboo and uncomfortable ground for many non-disabled viewers, is reclaimed with a vengeance. Indeed, one of the difficulties in analyzing Murderball is that its most radical features are simultaneously its most conventional. Thus, while non-disabled viewers may find their assumptions and stereotypes challenged by the masculine sexual bravado of Murderball’s quadriplegic rugby players, there may be a simultaneous sense of relief at the ironclad endurance of male heterosexual privilege. Heterosexuality no longer functions as evidence that a disabled masculinity has finally been ‘cured’; instead, it is the masculinization of disability that holds the power to rehabilitate heteronormativity from its own gender trouble. Therefore, Murderball serves as an interesting case study of the intersection between disability studies and masculinity. The popularity of this film demonstrates a powerful cultural backlash against representational histories that have conflated feminization, male homosexuality, and disability. The film successfully remasculinizes its subjects, celebrating disability and strength, resulting in the inevitable hypermasculine body. Ironically, the rhetoric of masculinity in Murderball is also the source of its anatgonism. The film’s ‘crip’ critique of able-bodiedness relies on repeated heteromasculine performances. A close reading of the film reveals masculinity as the visual mechanism through which disability is beginning to find its place on the contemporary cultural stage. Murderball harnesses the normalizing powers of masculinity, presenting a narrative of gender that helped to generate mainstream appeal in the box office and, more importantly, mainstream approval of a stigmatized social identity. A question that must be mentioned is what does the film Muderball mean for quadripelegic women? The same logic that masculinizes the quadriplegic or paraplegic man also functions to both masculinize and desexualize the quadriplegic or paraplegic woman. Disabled women, and particularly disabled female athletes, are not celebrated as having been liberated from oppressive conventions of gender, nor are they given access to normative femininity. Indeed the few images of disabled women that the documentary presents function more as a set of brief snapshots that, while easy to miss, momentarily interrupt the temporal, and often verbal, logic through which these ‘boys’ become ‘men’. These more or less static images haunt the film’s perimeter, a subtle threat to the coherence of a narrative that celebrates quadriplegia as the natural outcome of the hypermasculine male body. The concept of mainstreaming has been prominently constant in the world of disability for many years, while its definition has evolved substantially. Mainstreaming, initially referring to merely placing individuals with disabilities in regular classes with able-bodied individuals, was introduced in the 1960s (Reynolds, 1962). The majority of professionals in the disability field did not accept mainstreaming. It was mostly regarded as â€Å"a statement of what could or should be possible† (Aufesser, 1991). Initially, the premise of mainstreaming only included integrating those with ‘mild disabilities’ and definitely not those with physical disabilities. During the movement of deinstitutionalization in the 1970s, the definition of mainstreaming underwent a significant shift. The ‘new’ interpretation of mainstreaming is highlighted by the Cascade System, a model first proposed by Reynolds in 1962 and amended and reintroduced by Deno in 1970. This revolution, of sorts, gave way to new terms such as ‘normalization’, ‘least restrictive alternative’, and ‘continuum of service’. The Cascade System can be characterized as a two-box system in which parallel but separate educational programs for regular and special education operate within school buildings. The implementation of the Cascade system was difficult at best, and nonexistent a lot of the time. The model helped create understanding and support around a better system that â€Å"facilitates tailoring of treatment to individual needs rather than a system for sorting out children so they will fit conditions designed according to group standards not necessarily suitable for the particular case† (Deno, 1970, p. 35). The philosophy behind this model is commendable and is the only logical framework within which to develop a system of mainstreaming. Therefore, Murderball has already been mainstreamed in some regards. The excitement and intensity of the sport attract a large following, able-bodied and disabled alike. The stories of Pistorius and Mark Zupan extend beyond bionic runners and wheelchair rugb y. Several other issues arose as a result of the Pistorius controversy. Can the UN Convention on the rights of persons with disabilities, the newest human rights instrument for people with disabilities, give some guidance? By invoking the rule 144. 2 and dealing with technical aids for Olympic, Paralympic, other-lmypic, and international sport, it opened the dialogue for further progress. The future of ‘enhancements’ and their impact on the Olympics, Paralympics, other-lympic, and international sport has not been thoroughly researched, and it is expected that an increase work into this issue will emerge. Another interesting dynamic that is touched upon is the relationship between the Olympics, Paralympics, other –lympics and international sports. Will we be exposed to any changes in the relationship between the ‘lympics’ due to the Pistorius case? Bottom of Form Deno, E. (1970). Special education as developmental capital. Exceptional Children, 37, mildly retarded—Is much of it justifiable? 229-237. Works Cited Dworkin, S. , ; Wachs, F. (2000). The Morality/Manhood Paradox. In J. McKay (Ed. ), Masculinities, gender relations, and sport. (pp. 47—65). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. Gramsci, A. (1971). Selections from the Prison Notebooks. Hoare, Q. ; Nowell Smith, J. (Trans. ; Eds. ). New York: International Publishers. Howe, P. D. , ; Jones, C. (2006). Classification of disabled athletes: (Dis)empowering the Paralympic practice community. Sociology of Sport Journal, 23(1), 29—46. â€Å"IAAF Oscar Pistorius – Independent Scientific study concludes that cheetah prosthetics offer clear mechanical advantages†, International Association of Athletics Federations, 14 Jan 2008, available at:http://www. aaf. org/news/newsId=42896,printer. html; Kurt Lindemann and James L. Cherney. â€Å"Communicating In and Through â€Å"Murderball†: Masculinity and Disability in Wheelchair Rugby. †Ã‚  Western Journal of Communication  (2008): 107-25. Lead Article. Taub, D. E. , ; Greer, K. R. (1998). Sociology of acceptance revisited: Males with physical disabilities participating in sport and physical fitness activity. Dev iant Behavior, 19(3), 279—302. Thomas, N. , ; Smith, A. (2009). Disability, sport and society: An introduction. New York: Routledge. How to cite Disability and Sport: Hypermasculinity Explored, Essay examples

A Journey with Breast Cancer Essay Example For Students

A Journey with Breast Cancer Essay The body is made up of many types of cells. Normally, cells grow and divide to produce more cells only when the body needs them. This is an orderly process which keeps the body healthy. Sometimes cells keep dividing when new cells are not needed. They may form a mass of extra tissue called a growth or tumor. Benign tumors are not a threat to life but malignant tumors are cancer. Cells in these tumors can invade and damage nearby tissues and organs. The fear is that cancer cells can break away from a malignant tumor and enter the bloodstream or lymphatic system. That is how breast cancer spreads and forms other tumors in the body. The spread of cancer is called metastisis. (Dollinger, Rosenbaum and Cable, 1991). Each breast has 15 to 20 overlapping sections called lobes. There are many smaller lobules, which end in dozens of tiny bulbs that can produce milk. The lobes, lobules and bulbs are all linked by thin tubes called ducts. These ducts lead to the nipple in the center of a dark area of skin called the areola. Fat fills the spaces around the lobules and ducts. The breast does not have muscles tissue but muscles lie under each breast and cover the ribs. Each breast contains blood vessels and vessels that contain lymph. The lymph vessels lead to small bean shaped organs called lymph nodes. Clusters of lymph nodes are found near the breast under the arm, above the collarbone and in the chest. They are also found in other parts of the body. (Dollinger, Rosenbaum and Cable, 1991). Types of breast cancer According to Dollinger, Rosenbaum and Cable (1991), the most common type of breast cancer begins in the lining of the ducts It is called ductal carcinoma. Lobular carcinoma arises in the lobules. They explain that when breast cancer spreads outside of the breast, cancer cells are often found in the lymph nodes under the arm. If it reaches these nodes it may mean that cancer cells have spread to other parts of the body, other lymph nodes or other organs. It may have spread to the bones, liver or lungs. When cancer spreads, it is called metastatic breast cancer. The median duration of survival for women with metastatic disease is two to three years. Malignant cells are transported via the lymphatic system. Distant metastasis occurs when the cancerous tumor cells break away from the primary tumor and spread to other sites in the body. (McEvilly and Hassey, 1998). Risk factors for breast cancer According to the National Cancer Institute (1999), research has shown that the following conditions place a woman at increased risk for breast cancer: Personal history of breast cancer Women who have had breast cancer face an increased risk of getting breast cancer again. Genetic alterations Changes in certain genes (BRCA1, BRCA2, and others) make women more susceptible to breast cancer. In families in which many women have had the disease, gene testing can show whether a woman has specific genetic changes known to increase the susceptibility to breast cancer. Family history- A womans risk for developing breast cancer increases if her mother, sister, daughter or two or more other close relatives, such as cousins, have a history of breast cancer, especially at a young age. Certain breast changes Having a diagnosis of atypical hyerplasia or lobular carcinoma in situ (LCIS) or having had two or more breast biopsies for benign conditions may increase a womans risk for developing cancer. Breast density Women age 45 and older whose mammograms show at least 75 per cent dense tissue are at increased risk. Dense breasts contain many glands and ligaments, which makes breast tumors difficult to see and the dense tissue itself is associated with developing breast cancer. Radiation therapy Women whose breasts were exposed to radiation during their childhood, especially those who were treated with radiation for Hodgkins disease, are at an increased risk. Late childbearing Women who had their first child after the age of 30 have a greater chance of developing breast cancer than women who had their children at a younger age. Children in Mixed Martial Arts Essay Early menstruation Women who .

Training Report free essay sample

I express my deepest gratitude towards all the staffs of hotel royal orchid in which they help me out in their esteemed concern in everyday activities of the hotel. And I thank all my friends and team mates who helped me to prepare this report. HISTORY OF BANGALORE Legend goes that king veeraballa of vijayanagara once lost his way in forest hungry and tired, he came upon a lone hut in thick forest where he met an old woman. When he asked for food, she gave him baked beans (‘Benda Kalu†). The king found this humble meal taste better than the richest fare. To commemorate this incident, he called the place â€Å"benda Kalu Ooru†(place of baked beans). Bangalore today is getting popular through for a different variety of beans-java beans Capital of southern state of Karnataka, Bangalore today is Asia’s fastest growing cosmopolitan city. It is the home to some of the most high tech industries in India. We will write a custom essay sample on Training Report or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The I. T industry in views Bangalore as the â€Å"byte-basket† of India. Bangalore is also home to some of India’s premier scientific establishments. Blessed with a salubrious climate, gardens parks, natural lakes, architectural landmarks, shopping malls, the best restaurants and pubs in this part of the globe, business opportunities, Bangalore is the ideal gateway to India and beyond. Bangalore offers something for everyone music and dance concerts (western and Indian), dramas, exhibitions, carnivals, conferences and more.

Free Essays on Psychology Of Women

Psychology of Women Reproductive Rights and Woman’s Health â€Å"No woman can call herself free who does not own and control her own body. No woman can call herself free until she can choose conscientiously whether she will or will not be a mother.† Margaret Sanger was a woman’s rights activist in the early nineteen hundreds and became aware that women’s health and reproductive rights were very much suppressed during her time. It is clear now that there is more than just the issue of abortion and whether or not women have the right to choose, but the matter of woman actually choosing to even become mothers at all. Women have been proving to society for decades now that they are just as equal to men and should have the same opportunity to live a successful life if they indeed to choose to do so. There are several things to consider and often overlooked about woman and their mental health. Stereotyping, reproductive rights, sexuality and how society influences the role woman take part in home-life and work-life. Through out history and time it has been known that woman bore and raised the children and maintained the home, while men went out and worked. A woman’s voice was more often unheard and the rights to her body were not given to her. It is seen how woman had no rights at all and that woman had to fight for the right to even vote for the next up coming president in 1920’s. In 1916 two women opened the first birth control clinic in American. Before that time there was no information provide for woman about birth control and the idea of woman having the right not to have children was absurd and not even thought of by many. Reproductive freedom was the opportunity clinics like this one gave woman. The ability to choose whether or not to have children was now in the hands of woman and not their husbands. During the time of the opening of this clinic in New York, women were having many children and were unable to rais... Free Essays on Psychology Of Women Free Essays on Psychology Of Women Psychology of Women Reproductive Rights and Woman’s Health â€Å"No woman can call herself free who does not own and control her own body. No woman can call herself free until she can choose conscientiously whether she will or will not be a mother.† Margaret Sanger was a woman’s rights activist in the early nineteen hundreds and became aware that women’s health and reproductive rights were very much suppressed during her time. It is clear now that there is more than just the issue of abortion and whether or not women have the right to choose, but the matter of woman actually choosing to even become mothers at all. Women have been proving to society for decades now that they are just as equal to men and should have the same opportunity to live a successful life if they indeed to choose to do so. There are several things to consider and often overlooked about woman and their mental health. Stereotyping, reproductive rights, sexuality and how society influences the role woman take part in home-life and work-life. Through out history and time it has been known that woman bore and raised the children and maintained the home, while men went out and worked. A woman’s voice was more often unheard and the rights to her body were not given to her. It is seen how woman had no rights at all and that woman had to fight for the right to even vote for the next up coming president in 1920’s. In 1916 two women opened the first birth control clinic in American. Before that time there was no information provide for woman about birth control and the idea of woman having the right not to have children was absurd and not even thought of by many. Reproductive freedom was the opportunity clinics like this one gave woman. The ability to choose whether or not to have children was now in the hands of woman and not their husbands. During the time of the opening of this clinic in New York, women were having many children and were unable to rais...

Brazil Essay Research Paper Brazil is the

Brazil Essay, Research Paper Brazil is the largest state in South America. It stretches about 2700 stat mis from the underside of the Andes Mountains eastward to the Atlantic Ocean. It borders on every state of the continent except for Chile and Ecuador. Brazils functionary name is the Federative Republic of Brazil. Brazil occupies about half of South America and is the universe s fifth-largest state in country. Although its country is merely a little less than that of the United States, Brazil s population is merely approximately 60 % that of the United States. The capital of Brazil is Brasilia. It was built in the Highlandss get downing in 1957 to promote development of the inside. The population in Brasilia is estimated to be about 1,576,657. The largest metropolis is Sao Paulo and it is estimated that the population there is near10, 099,086. Brazil s entire population is estimated to be approximately 150,400,000. History Brazil is the lone Latin American state that takes its linguistic communication and civilization from Portugal. The native dwellers largely consisted of the mobile Tup -Guaran Indians. Adm. Pedro Alvares Cabral claimed the district for Portugal in 1500. The early adventurers brought back a wood that produced a ruddy dye, pau-brasil, this is where the land received its name. Portugal began colonisation in 1532 and made the country a royal settlement in 1549. During the Napoleonic Wars, King Jo o VI, fearing the progressing Gallic ground forcess, ran the state in 1808 and set up his tribunal in Rio de Janeiro. Jo O was brought place in 1820 by a revolution, go forthing his boy as trustee. When Portugal wanted to cut down Brazil once more to colonial position, the prince declared Brazil # 8217 ; s independency on Sept. 7, 1822, and became Pedro I, emperor of Brazil. Harassed by his Parliament, Pedro I abdicated in 1831 in favour of his five-year-old boy, who became emperor in 1840 ( Pedro II ) . The boy was a popular sovereign, but discontent built up and, in 1889, following a military rebellion, he had to renounce. Although a democracy was proclaimed, Brazil was ruled by military absolutisms until a rebellion permitted a gradual return to stableness under civilian presidents. In the last of a long series of military putschs, Gen. Jo o Baptista de Oliveira Figueiredo became president in 1979 and pledged a return to democracy in 1985. The election of Tancredo Neves on Jan. 15, 1985, the first civilian president since 1964, brought a countrywide moving ridge of optimism, but when Neves died on April 21, Vice President Sarney became president. Sarney was widely distrusted because he had antecedently been a member of the military government # 8217 ; s political party. Collor de Mello won the election of late 1989, plighting to take down the chronic hyperinflation by following the way of free-market economic sciences. When Collor faced impeachment by Congress because of a corruptness dirt in Dec. 1992 and resigned, Vice President Itamar Franco assumed the presidential term. A former finance curate, Fernando Cardoso won the presidential term in the Oct. 1994 election with 54 % of the ballot. Cardoso has engineered the disposal of bad government-owned monopolies in the telecommunication, electrical power, port, excavation, railroad, and banking industries. In his short clip in office Cardoso # 8217 ; s economic acumen has made a mensurable dent in Brazil # 8217 ; s poverty degree. Culture The cultural diverseness that today characterizes the Brazilian population and the graduated tables of values of the different groups have promoted a civilization, which, far from representing a compact unit, consists of a grouping of different traditions and cultural m Langes. Within the society unmetabolised residues of crude civilizations, that still feed racial bias and favoritism, coexist alongside other universe positions, in peculiar the so called # 8220 ; American manner of life # 8221 ; based on the theoretical account of the industrialised West. The consequence of this is a societal thaw pot, which, similar to the North American 1, supports Braz il’s domination in the continent. The history of Brazilian art may be divided into three periods: The clip prior to the reaching of the Europeans ( up to 1500 A.D. ) , the period between the landing of the Portuguese and independency ( 1822 ) and the period that brings us up to today. As respects the prehistoric period ( from 8000 to 1000 B.C. ) , there are three distinguishable groupings of artistic discoveries: carvings and pictures on stone, which have been discovered in legion vicinities, instruments and comparatively rare sculptures in rock, and ceramics which constitute the most conspicuous grouping. At the beginning of the first millenary new groups, likely of Andean beginning and who had mastered agribusiness and the industry of ceramics, gave rise to a last stage in the development of local art that lasted up until the reaching of the Portuguese. The art of the Brazilian Indians continues to be today. However, it can merely be appreciated in portion since the groups that still pattern the traditional manner of life have been driven to remote internal parts of the state and their merchandises may be seen above all in museums and private aggregations. The 17th and 18th centuries are considered the aureate age for architecture, ornament and ornamentation of edifices. The alleged # 8220 ; Colonial Baroque # 8221 ; is particularly noticeable in domestic architecture, testimony to the traditions and manner of life imported from the fatherland. The drive force behind cultural development during this period were the missional orders. Of similar importance in the architectural field were military installings constructed by European designers. A particular topographic point is reserved, in the Brazilian figurative humanistic disciplines, for the retabulos, communion table pieces that constitute a cosmetic component conceived as a mark of the exultant Church of the Counter-reformation. Sculpture and picture are both basically connected to spiritual life. Neo-classicism arrived late in Brazil and characterized the whole of the nineteenth century. During the twentieth century Brazilian architecture has developed in connexion with the growing of the metropoliss. The most of import undertaking of this century has been the planning and building of the new capital, Brasilia, commissioned by president Kubztschek and designed by the designers Lucio Costa and Oscar Niemeyer. Of these two the latter has left his grade in a manner which, in a atavist to the traditions of the Baroque, creates constructions that have aesthetic every bit good as functional purposes. Government Executive subdivision: head of province: President Fernando Henrique CARDOSO ( since 1 January 1995 ) ; Vice President Marco MACIEL note the president is both the head of province and caput of authorities caput of authorities: President Fernando Henrique CARDOSO ; Vice President Marco MACIEL note the president is both the head of province and caput of authorities cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the president elections: president and frailty president elected on the same ticket by popular ballot for four-year footings ; election last held 4 October 1998 election consequences: Fernando Henrique CARDOSO reelected president ; per centum of ballot 53 % Legislative subdivision: bicameral National Congress or Congresso Nacional consists of the Federal Senate or Senado Federal and the Chamber of Deputies or Camara dos Deputados Elections: Federal Senate last held 4 October 1998 for tierce of Senate ; Chamber of Deputies last held 4 October 1998 election consequences: Federal Senate per centum of ballot by party NA % ; seats by party PMDB 27, PFL 20, PSDB 16, PT 7, PPB 5 ; Chamber of Deputies per centum of ballot by party NA % ; seats by party PFL 106, PSDB 99, PMDB 82, PPB 60, PT 58 Judicial subdivision: Supreme Federal Tribunal, 11 Judgess are appointed for life by the president and confirmed by the Senate

Describe a character in fiction, a historical figure, or a creative Essay - 1

Describe a character in fiction, a historical figure, or a creative work (as in art, music, science, etc.) that has had an influence on you, and explain that influence - Essay Example Lincoln learned through his experiences while working on a farm, splitting rails for fences and store-keeping at Illinois. He partook as a captain in the Black Hawk war which was fought between the Indian tribes and native white settlers during their westward expansion. His political career began with his appointment to the Illinois state legislature and later gaining an admission to the Illinois bar. This was soon followed by his marriage to Mary Todd and his subsequent election to the U.S. House of Representatives. They had four boys but tragedy struck and three of their children succumbed to illnesses and one son worked as an attorney and served as the President of Pullman Company. Despite many success as an attorney and several personal sorrows, Lincoln rose again with sheer determination to be nominated as the President of the Republican party in 1860 and went on to become President in the year 1861. His strong belief in equality among the citizens and the need for a successful democratic union assured him the presidency. This was soon followed by the civil war that attacked the Constitution of the United States. The northern and southern regions of the country were divided on the issue of slavery and as a result many southern states which supported slavery pulled out from the Union and formed a separate Confederate of States. However, President Lincoln assured the people that his primary responsibility was to preserve, protect and defend the Constitution of the United States and that this would be the war’s primary motive. He undertook every possible measure at war time to preserve the Union and the victories gained in the battles provided the impetus for issuing the emancipation proclamation through which Lincoln freed all the slaves who sustained the war of the confederate. At the end of the war, Lincoln delivered his famous Gettysburg address wherein he upheld that the war paved the way for a new birth of freedom

The Role of Employee Identification Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

The Role of Employee Identification - Essay Example I will develop my interpersonal skills by focusing on the subject of organizational communication in my course. This will help to understand different types of personality traits and how they react to different organizational culture. This will allow me to properly communicate with my supervisors as well as my subordinates. The proper communication will help me to monitor the performance level of the firm as well as communicate proper feedback to my supervisors. Improving analytical skills is a relatively long term process, where I will need to focus on problem solving and pattern recognition. I will strengthen my statistical knowledge and gain expertise in tools like excel and SPSS. This will also help me to improve my mathematical skills. Moreover, I will also focus on the financial aspect of management, because a manager needs to be profit oriented. By following the traits of great leaders, I will develop leadership qualities in me that will help me to motivate my employees.Descri bing KSA to a Prospective EmployerBeing an effective and efficient employee requires a combination of both knowledge and expertise. My management studies course has given me enough knowledge to understand the current market scenario and has prepared me to face challenging situations. I have developed analytical skills that will help me make proper decisions and allocate tasks effectively. My good communicational skills will help me to improve my performance efficiency in your organization.

Essay on television news Essay Example for Free

Essay on television news Essay Television news and current affair programs have become an essential part of our everyday lives in this cutting edge society today. Nine Networks A Current Affair program is a 30-minute long current affairs program covering politics, crime, human rights, science, technology and many other areas. It is an example of a consumer-oriented program, which seeks to appeal to viewers to get the ratings and thereby generate revenue through advertising for the Nine Network. I will use this current affairs program broadcast on the 2nd November to discuss how the codes of television reinforce the narrative elements in one of the stories presented on the television screen. The current affair story I have chosen which runs for five minutes and eight seconds is about an out-of-control 15-year old Stacey who has been locked in a wire cage for her past seven years. She is severely intellectually handicapped and her mother is forced to lock her up for her own safety reasons. She claims that the Government does not provide sufficient disabilities services and resources in areas such as rural South Australia. Throughout the story, viewers are positioned to sympathize with Staceys mother, Kerry. She is portrayed as a victim of the lack of disabilities services, desperately pleading the government to take action. The different camera angles and movement, selection of film footage, background music, voice-overs and word choice are examples of techniques used to enhance the narrative elements in the story such as characterization, point of view, setting, structure and many more. The two main production codes I will focus on are technical and audio codes. The characters of this story include the current affair presenter, Stacey the 15-year old girl, her mother Kerry, a family friend, South Australia Disability Service Minister and Chris Hill the on-spot reporter and interviewee. Various shots such as close-up, longand panning shots are used to show the main character of the story Stacey behind her cage. She is shown clinging on to the wire cage like a prisoner without freedom. Viewers are in this way positioned to feel sorry for her. We normally associate imprisonment with crime and wrong doings. Here, we are presented with an innocent victim suffering from Down syndrome, being denied the basic human right of freedom through no fault of her own. There are also shots filming interviews with Staceys mum, Kerry. The close-up shots showing Kerrys weary and desperate face suggests to viewers that she is also suffering from locking her daughter up in the cage for her own safety and this allows viewers to observe the physical effect of the stressful situation. This makes viewers feel sorry for her as the mother of a handicapped daughter. The shots showing South Australias Disability Service Minister busy flipping through his pile of work tells viewers that the minister is very busy and he has other community issues to look at. It shows that the need to help Stacey is low down in the ministers listed priorities. Viewers react by feeling angered because the government cannot provide these services for families in need. Seeing the Minister in his city office environment contrasted with the rural setting of the Staceys cage, viewers can see the huge gap in the importance placed in addressing this problem. The melancholy background music, designed to raise emotions, is also played whenever Stacey appears on the scene, further emphasizing the sufferings of the mother and daughter. The setting of the story is also enhanced by shots showing rural South Australia and Staceys wire cage. The long shots are used to show location as isolated and deserted from the major town centres and the voice of Chris Hill further enhances it. There are footages showing the surroundings of the Staceys house, suggesting the danger Stacey faces if she is let loosed. The close up shots of the wire cage and the faces behind the cage; and the repetition shots of the opening of the cage reinforce the prison setting Stacey has been living in for the past seven years. The point of view in the story is 90% focused on Staceys mother, Kerry and their family friend. Viewers are persuaded to side with them in arguing against the government for the lack of disability services such as day care programs, transport services and other disability services. The footage showing Stacey interacting with the camera as she interrupts the normal narrative flow of the camera work by covering the camera lens show her behaviour as uncontrolled and undisciplined. It also demonstrates clearly to the viewers that Stacey has a lack of understanding of the appropriate behaviour and responses in the world around her. This reinforces the viewpoint of Staceys mother that this problem is not exaggerated. The current affair presenter also commented on the lack of support provided, further enhancing that the government is not doing anything. The sympathetic tone is created through the selection of words chosen by the voice-over and presenter. For example, Stacey home is described as a domestic detention centre. This emotive language is normally associated with asylum seekers arriving in our country. Other selective words and adjectives used include barbaric when referred to the action of locking Stacey up and Wire Cage when referred to Staceys house. This colourful language is used to make the story seem more interesting and touching. There is also a personal testimony recounting an incident from the past to demonstrate the past and present difficulties faced by Kerry and many other interviews to make the story more truthful. Values and attitudes of the Australian government are also reinforced using technical and audio codes in the story. The Australian Government likes to think of themselves as caring, helpful and supportive. They believe that they have one of the best healthcare systems in the world. This story sets on to show one of the examples of the system failing to provide services for all in the community. In conclusion, the current affair story is put together using the different narrative techniques such as characterization, setting, point of view and tone and it is reinforced through the use of television production codes such as technical and audio codes.

Irony and Foreshadowing in “The Cask of Amontillado” and “The Story of

Edgar Allan Poe is one of the most celebrated writers in American literature. He is well known for his style of writing which is dark and morbid in nature. Poe makes use of irony as well as foreshadowing in many of his stories including the short story â€Å"The Cask of Amontillado†. For the most part, Poe's descriptions in his writings are haunting and realistic. Some often speculated that Poe derived his unique style of writing from his personal life struggles. His stories are written with deep emotions that make his audience feel a connection and they can create an image of themselves experiencing what is happening in his writing. Poe dedicated most his stories into specific categories which stayed within a genre and those who admire his work are never mistaken for someone else’s. Another American writer, whose writing manifests her life experiences, is Kate Chopin. Chopin is late 19th century writer who used her writing to voice her dissatisfaction of curre nt principles of the time. In her time, women had fewer rights and they were not considered equal to men. Chopin’s â€Å"The Story of an Hour† is about how someone can be stuck in a miserable and unsatisfying reality because of other’s thoughtlessness, oppression, and domination. Edgar Allan Poe’s â€Å"The Cask of Amontillado† and Kate Chopin’s â€Å"The Story of an Hour† share similar elements of irony, foreshadowing, and symbolism. In addition to using similar elements of writing, Chopin and Poe are greatly influenced by their struggles with their own personal life and society. Both author’s stories reach out to their audience not only about what they have witnessed and experienced, but also revealing to them to how the society were in the past. In Poe’s "The Cask of Amontil... ...ce abuse which took a toll on him and eventually ending his life. Similarly, Kate Chopin uses her writings to voice her dissatisfaction of current principles of the time. In Chopin’s time, women were not considered equal to men. In her short story, â€Å"The Story of the Hour†, Chopin writes about the impact of marriage on women. In her view, women are dominated by men and are restricted to play subservient roles in which society expects of them. Kate Chopin’s writings were scandalous in her time when women writers were not prominent. Kate Chopin was considered one of the first feminists. Her stories often dealt with women making their own decisions and standing up for themselves. In her stories, Chopin explored specific problems that woman faced. Because she portrayed women as keen and able to exist without the complete support of men, many men dismissed her writing.

Pregnancy and Mother Hood Essay

For my narrative/descriptive essay I chose to write about becoming a mother. There are positives and negatives about being a teenage mother but I choose to always look at the good. My son wasn’t planned but he isn’t a mistake either. I only have one child for the moment but from this experience I’m still debating on having more. This had been one long and challenging journey but it was all worth it in the end. Childbirth is a Powerful & Exciting experience all at the same time. The way I found out that I was expecting was a challenge alone. Once I noticed I was loosing an extensive amout of weight, confused and clueless I went to the doctor to get answers. While in the doctors office I had blood work done as well as a pregnancy test. The test came back negative as I expected being that I was on birth control. Ring Ring. About thirty minutes later, I received a phone call from the doctors office asking me to come back because my pregnancy test changed to positive. Once I get back to the doctors office, the nurse took a blood sample. Fifteen to thirty minutes passed and then my life changed. It was confirmed that I was two months pregnant. Young and scared, I’m now about to be a teenage mother. I just graduated and was trying to go off to college and within fifteen to thirty minutes that dream was taken away. The next seven months were challenging and educational. Over the next seven months, I was going to doctor appointments and gaining more and more weight. The time has now come to meet my beautiful baby boy. I was admitted to the Baptist Memorial Hospital at 5:00 a.m. on Febuary 14,2011. While at the hospital there is so much going on around you the you sometimes get side tracked on what’s really going on and go into a zone of your own. While laying there waiting to see what happens next there is the sound of the nurses feet constantly coming in and out your room along with visitors. Once the contractions start to come then the journey to motherhood begins. After dialating to about 7-8 centimeters I then have a choice of getting an epidural. (a drug used to numb your body from waist down). I had signed up for one but didn’t plan on using it. Once the epidural Is given then most or sometimes all the pain is gone. After I was at about five centimeters my labor stood still. I had the choice of an c-section or getting an epidual to speed the process up the process. I chose the epidural to keep from being left with a permanent scar. Now is time to start pushing and once I started the beeping of machines, sounds of voices, phones ringing, and all other activity around your is tuned out. All that matters to me now is delivering my healthy baby boy. Three long, entensive push and Bray’lon lamar jones enters the world. He arrived Febuary 25,2011 @ 7:44 weighting 6lbs and 6 ozs. During the whole journey through all ups and downs in the end it was all worth it because of my son.

Non-Residential Construction Market In Central Europe

Investors, developers and other professionals involved in the industry need a comprehensive source of data, insightful analysis and reliable forecasts to help them navigate the Netscape and locate the prospects that are most beneficial for their unique business needs. Browse Full Report With TCO: http://www. Nonrepresentational. Blob/analyses-details/ non-residential for-2014-2019 Non-residential construction market in Central Europe 2014, Development forecasts for 2014-2019 Is precisely that type of publication.The perfect business intelligence resource for use when launching new business operations, locating projects for participation or effecting a merger or calculation In this market, the report also resents strong and accurate forecasts for the market and each of its noteworthy segments. This document provides in-depth descriptions of current conditions as they exist in the overall Central European non-residential construction market and in the individual markets and segments In seven countries: Bulgaria, the Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland, Romania, Slovenia and Slovakia.It presents data on value, structure and total numbers of building permits issued for the overall markets and for the non- residential construction sectors in each country, along with detailed forecasts for development. To Download Full Report with TCO: http://www. Nonrepresentational. Blob/sample/ sample/206558 Browse the market prospects and upcoming new construction and renovation projects planned for office buildings, professional services spaces, retail areas and industrial and warehouse structures.Read about the leading contractors in each country and study the plans of regional commercial real estate developers to build, renovate and reposes structures to match the needs of new and existing business European region. Explore the market for office space in each of these seven countries and find out which top investors are driving growth, and evaluate the retail sector in terms of pla ns for new, modern structures and renovation of existing spaces to fit the specific requirements of a variety of customers.Review Non-residential construction market in Central Europe 2014, Development forecasts for 2014-2019 for a clear understanding of recent, current and forecast trends and events that promise to alter the shape of growth in this sector of the construction market. Whether preparing to launch a new business, evaluate the prospects for future earnings, estimating the market share of a particular company r effecting a merger or acquisition in any of the segments of markets in these seven Central European countries, this report helps professionals to approach business planning from a confident perspective.To Read Complete Report with TCO: http://www. Nonrepresentational. Biz/analysis/ 206558 Especially valuable to contractors, producers of building materials and equipment and design and project management specialists, the client list for this publication also include s business consultants, financial and investment professionals, academic ND government institutions and trade and industry organizations that promote the non-residential construction industries in Bulgaria, the Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland, Romania, Slovenia and Slovakia.

Aral Sea Essays

Aral Sea Essays Aral Sea Essay Aral Sea Essay Struggle and conflicts for water among people are unavoidable. Situation is no different in developed and developing countries. Developed countries like Belgium, Great Britain, Poland, Singapore, and North America are already feeling water stress. It becomes difficult for rivers and groundwater resources in UK to satisfy the augmented water demands of summer heat. Similarly in USA, agricultural requirements are fighting for their share with urban needs of water. Different states in India are fighting for their share of water bodies. Chinese farmers are sacrificing their water needs to feed urban demands of cities. Less water for irrigation means less food grains production and eventually a global food crisis. Shared water resources among countries will add to this fight. For instance Africa, where the conditions are already worse, will see different countries fighting for the Nile, Zambezi, Niger, and Volta river basins to meet their water needs. Similarly Aral Sea Basin for Central Asia and rivers like Amu Darya and Syr Darya will be a subject of conflict among Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Kazakstan, Kyrgyzstan, and Tajikistan. The US and Mexico also share cold space over the Colorado River (Hinrichsen, Robey and Upadhyay â€Å"Solutions for a Water-Short World†; Ch. 3. 3 ). Pollution has been the biggest enemy of rivers, lakes and other freshwater resources. Many rivers and lakes today are nothing more than garbage dumps. Industries discard their toxic chemical wastes in the water resources. Use of toxic chemicals like fertilizers and pesticides in agriculture is polluting ground water resources. People will use 70% of surface freshwater available in rivers and lakes by 2025 which at present is 54%. This will disturb the whole balance of nature and other aquatic ecosystems and their inhabitants. Ecosystems like wetlands are of enormous importance. They help human beings in different ways serving as flood regulators, waste filtration systems and natural flora and fauna habitats. Mismanagement of water resources has led to the extinction of numerous species of invaluable freshwater fish. Damage done is irreversible. Trees are vital for water conservation as they replenish groundwater, protect soil erosion and balance the hydrological cycle. Growing population and industrialization is eating away forests at an alarming rate adding to the problems (Hinrichsen, Robey and Upadhyay â€Å"Solutions for a Water-Short World†; ch. 4). Millions of people are dying around the world due to the unavailability of clean and safe water for their daily requirements. Situation is more disappointing in developing countries where major diseases and deaths occur because of water related diseases. Water borne diseases are caused from contaminated water. Unclean water for drinking and not enough water for sanitation give rise to water borne diseases like cholera, typhoid, shigella, polio, meningitis, and hepatitis A and E claiming millions of lives every year. Disposal of human and animal wastes in freshwater resources infects the water and hence leads to the spread of diseases. Industrial and agricultural chemical wastes in water can lead to diseases like cancer. Authorities should take steps to provide clean water for drinking, cooking and personal hygiene. Provision of proper sanitation facilities is also very important for appropriate waste disposal. Another set of diseases is called water based diseases spread by flukes, tapeworms, roundworms and tissue nematodes that live in contaminated water. Diseases like guinea worm (dracunculiasis), paragonimiasis, clonorchiasis, and schistosomiasis (bilharzia) fall under this category. These diseases are more common in areas near Dams. Keeping a distance from unhygienic water and food can help prevent thee diseases from spreading. Water-related vector diseases are spread by mosquitoes, tsetse flies and other insects that carry infections. These carriers live in foul and unclean water and cause diseases like malaria, yellow fever, dengue fever, sleeping sickness, and filariasis. Using pesticides to kill these insects and wiping out their breeding grounds like dirty and stagnant water helps preventing these diseases. Trachoma, leprosy, tuberculosis, whooping cough, tetanus, and diphtheria are the diseases that spread due to insufficient water for maintaining personal hygiene. These can be prevented by providing enough water for sanitation (Hinrichsen, Robey and Upadhyay â€Å"Solutions for a Water-Short World†; ch. 5). Water conservation and proper use is very important for ensuring adequate availability of water to everyone on this earth including flora and fauna. Every area needs improvement and water management. Water used for irrigation in agriculture needs foremost attention. A lot of water is wasted while reaching crops through irrigation systems. Some of it gets recovered as groundwater but majority of it gets contaminated by chemicals. On one side inadequate water for irrigation limits land use and crop yield while on the other side excess of water in the fields can lead to water logging and salinization and hence destruction of land and crops. Irrigation techniques like drip irrigation and low-energy precision application (LEPA) can improve irrigation efficiency considerably. Drip irrigation lowers the wastage of water and is getting widely adopted. LEPA is an efficient form of sprinkler system leading to water conservation and increased food production. Water harvesting by collecting water in rainy season and using in dry season is also an attractive option for poor countries. Treated urban wastewater can also be used for irrigation. Israel is famous for its urban wastewater reuse for agriculture purpose. Stopping deforestation and planting more and more trees also helps in water conservation (Hinrichsen, Robey and Upadhyay â€Å"Solutions for a Water-Short World†; ch. 6). Water in industries must be recycled and used again and again to save precious natural resource. Many industries employ these techniques to conserve water. Chemicals, iron and steel, and pulp and paper are some of the industries that must pay attention to their water usage and adopt water conservation techniques. In household, people must save water and use it sensibly. We will have to pay the price of wasting water uselessly when in excess sooner or later. Only needed quantity of water must be used. Municipal corporations must ensure that their water transit systems are efficient enough not to waste water and maximum share must reach consumers. Leakage from pipes and illegal tapping must be checked. Laws to prevent stealing and wastage of water must be formulated by the authorities (Hinrichsen, Robey and Upadhyay â€Å"Solutions for a Water-Short World†; ch. 6. 2). Population growth is the biggest challenge to be dealt with for saving water. Growing population at unregulated rates is a major problem especially in developing countries that already face water scarcity. It is very important for people to adopt family planning measures to keep a check on the rising population. Authorities must also educate people and spread awareness about the harms of unregulated births. They must inform people about the family planning measures and offer every kind of medical and financial help to achieve this objective (Hinrichsen, Robey and Upadhyay â€Å"Solutions for a Water-Short World†; ch. 6. 5). Techniques like pressurization of seawater, filtration via carbon nanotubes, and reverse osmosis can be used for desalinization of water to add to fresh water. Presently these treatments are very expensive. Promotion of vegetarian eating habits and saltwater agriculture on coastlines is needed (â€Å"Water†). Efforts are required on international, national and regional levels for water conservation. Countries must formulate policies and must support each other’s initiatives to create a better living place. Money and resources are essential and developed countries must support developing countries (Hinrichsen, Robey and Upadhyay â€Å"Solutions for a Water-Short World†; ch. 7). Save water! Its precious! Hinrichsen, D. , Robey, B. , and Upadhyay, U. D. â€Å"Solutions for a Water-Short World†. Population Reports, Series M, No. 14. Baltimore, Johns Hopkins School of Public Health, Population Information Program, December 1997. November 23, 2008 infoforhealth. org/pr/m14/m14chap1. shtml#top â€Å"Water†. millennium-project. org. World Federation of UN Associations. November 23, 2008 millennium-project. org/millennium/Global_Challenges/chall-02. html

Summary Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 22

Summary - Essay Example Because of this strong bond to tradition, Japanese whalers argue that ending whaling practices would be an insult to cultural beliefs thus despite any external protest, whaling continues. Interestingly, however, there is no market for whale meat in Japan, thus when the whales are slaughtered there is a significant volume of waste, which essentially makes whaling appear to other cultures (outside of Japan) to be an absolute misuse of natural resources. Despite external protest, Japanese hunters are using the argument that small volumes of fish in the local waters can be blamed on the eating habits of whales, thus they are a costly pest to Japanese fishermen and must be eliminated. It would appear that the Japanese will concoct virtually any rationale for continuing the slaughter, largely just to fit social perceptions about heritage and traditional ocean activities. Additionally, if Australian officials are concerned that Japanese whaling activities are undercutting the commercial opportunities for Australia, the question as to whether heritage can be utilised as a valid argument is created. Should an entire culture be able to justify eroding the economic stability of a neighboring nation simply to satisfy rigid social perceptions about honoring cultural tradition? Whales are very much a natural resource, however due to the gestation rate, it takes many years to repopulate the species variety as whales only have one offspring at a time. Thus, when countless hundreds of whales are slaughtered, it is likely another hundred years before whale populations return to their previous levels. Hence, it is no wonder why external nations have chastised Japan for upholding their stern commitment to whaling as a cultural phenomenon. The evidence would seem to suggest that whaling practices in Japan should be more closely regulated. Whaling as an

Business Ethics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 3

Business Ethics - Essay Example The origins of the Kantian theory are from the Principles of Morals and Legislation in the year 1863. According to Kantian theory, there should be an attempt to make the world a better place and then to pursue the greatest good for an entire mass. Utility is to generate favourable impacts on the intrinsic values like, pleasure, preferences, ideas and happiness. According to Kant, the ethical values are recognized and are essential for identifying the second test of universalizabilty because more than often values are recognized in contradictions (Dimitriou et al, 2011). The rational beings are recognized as the individuals with the potentiality of the defining motives which are universally acceptable and widely recognized. The Kantian theory has provided me with significant inputs which have acted as a catalyst in the improvisation of my existing behaviour and performance in the existing organization. It has helped me to understand the significant difference between morality assumpti ons and rational choices (George, 2011). There have been various instances in my life where the solutions have stemmed out of Kantianism theory and have offered powerful moral insights and also, have helped in the reduction of the moral disagreements (Holme, 2008). The conflicts arising out of difference of opinions were resolved due to Kantianism theory (Pollock, 2011).The conflicts arising between family members due to difference in personal opinions, were settled with the guidance of Kantianism theory. The conflicts triggered by moral disagreements arising out of personated choices have been solved with the help of the guiding perspective of Kantianism theory. This thesis is utilized to refute idealism theories and states that these values within the ethical systems are of much worth. The theory lays emphasis on the fact that most of the moral values and ethical standards practiced by the society are justifiable. The unethical conduct practices in the organization are due to the failure of implementation of the moral values and standards. The permanent values cannot be embedded into the systems and is found to provide fruitfulness to the ethical theories and systems. The only minuscule difference is that it identifies the difference between the precepts behind the ethical principles and standards. However, this theory has various loopholes and lacks to serve the purpose of a guide. It is possible that an individual can face such a situation in any organization and thus, the employees can monitor the ethical system themselves. Utilitarianism Theory The Utilitarianism theory was evolved by Jeremy Bentham and suggests that a movement should focus on the right action which would serve the benefits of the mass. An action is either right or wrong, but if the action serves the welfare of a majority of the people, then it is following the guided path of the Utilitarianism concept (Roff, 2013). It is a technique which determines the moral value of an action. It help s us in judging the possibility of effects of our actions from the past on that of our present (Roff, 2013). The basic intention of this theory helps to unfold the reasons behind the implementation of moral values and ethics in a society or company. It is a systematic process to justify the moral standards of

Human Nature Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Human Nature - Essay Example Maslow’s hierarchy of need theory, which associate motivation with people’s needs, informs my view of human nature. The theory identifies different levels of needs that expand to the macro social environment, but with the aim of meeting an individual’s needs. Self-actualization needs, for example, may lead to macro social achievement such as establishing and managing a social center for the benefit of needy members of a society, but the key drive is an individual’s need for self-actualization (Griffin and Moorhead 86). My view on human’s desire is consistent with Hobbes’ view that factors such as fear and curiosity motivate humans. The view is however contrary to Locke’s view that some aspects in life are unattainable and people should stop striving towards them. This is because Locke’s view undermines motivation (Rosen 8, 9). Based on my conception that people are self centered and may therefore undermine others’ interest, a set of rules that provide for strict and significant penalties for non compliance, is necessary for governing people. Without such a set of rules, however, people may exercise their arbitrary power and undermine other’s rights and

Photosynthesis Lab Report Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Photosynthesis - Lab Report Example At that point the two factors that are kept constant will act as limiting factors and they will be limiting the further increase in rate of photosynthesis. Method: In this experiment we kept temperature as an independent variable. We cut a piece of elodea and kept it in a beaker of water and anchored it with a paper clip. We placed the lamp 7cm away from the beaker and the lamp was kept at this point throughout the experiment. In order to keep the concentration of CO2 constant we assumed that the CO2 in the water in the beaker remained same throughout the experiment. We changed the temperature of the experiment by changing the temperature of the water in the beaker. We obtained hot water in the beaker by pouring hot water from the kettle in the beaker and we obtained cold water by adding ice to the beaker. We measured the rate of photosynthesis by measuring the rate of oxygen given off by the elodea. In order to measure the volume of air given off we used a photosynthometer. In order to prevent bubbles to appear in the tubing of photsynthometer we kept the tubing in the water. We started out experiment with initial temperature of 40 ÂÂ °C. We used a thermometer to ensure that the temperature of water in the beaker was 40 ÂÂ °C and then placed elodea that has previously kept in dark into the beaker. We used a piece of elodea that was previously kept in the dark because this ensured that the plant had not been previously photosynthesing and it avoided us having unfair results. Once we placed elodea in the beaker we immediately started noting the time it took for 5mm3 of air to be trapped in photosynthometer. The average time taken at 40 ÂÂ °C was calculated and it was noted as 6.5 minutes. The experiment was repeated at different temperatures like 15 ÂÂ °C, 20ÂÂ °C, 30 ÂÂ °C. To ensure constant temperature was maintained during each experiment a thermometer was placed in the

Mycobacterium Marinum Treatment Literature Review

Mycobacterium Marinum Treatment Literature Review Abstract Background Mycobacterium marinum is an atypical mycobacterium that can be found in water environment. It is the agent of a characteristic skin disease known also as fish tank granuloma. In some occasions it can spread as a nodular lymphangitis, extend to deep structures as well as in exceptional cases disseminate systemicaly . The infection is adquired after contact with fish or contaminated water mainly from aquaria or swimming pools. Although the real incidence is understimate, it is a uncommon infection that needs high clinical suspicion to be diagnosed. As a consequence, delay in the diagnosis is common. Mycobacterium marinum is intrinsically a multidrug resistant mycobacterium.There is no clear consesus in the management of this infection. Usually it is managed either with monotherapy or with combination of antibiotics plus surgery in selected cases. Methods Retrospective study of cases of fish tank granuloma collected from 2000 to 2009 in the dermatology surgery of The Hospital of Tropical Diseases (HTD) of the University College London Hospitals. Systematic review of the literature with the terms Mycobacterium marinum and fish tank granuloma from 1999 to 2009. Results From the HTD dermatology surgery were collected 7 cases. Identification of M. marinum was possible only in 5. The response to treatment was good at least in 5 of them. In the literature review there were reported a total of 516 cases. From those 133 could be analyzed as individual cases. Identification was possible in 89.5% of the cases. Cured was reported in 82% of the cases. Conclusion The key of the diagnosis is to collect accurately the history of exposure. Histology, although no pathognomonic, will rise the suspicion if granuloma formation are found and will facilitate the differential diagnosis. Identification is done after culture with classical biochemical tests. Molecular biology techniques have the advantage of accelerate the procedure. There is not enough evidence to propose any specific treatment. Currently, recommendations are based in experts opinions. A prospective, randomized controlled clinical trial would be valuable to propose a base evident treatment. Contents Pages Introduction M. marinum is an environmental atypical mycobacterium ubiquitous in fresh, salt, and brackish water. It is known that infects temperate and tropical species of fish of at least 150 species, including ornamental fish. But also affects frogs, eels, oysters, aquatic mammals, toads and snakes [2, 11]. It cause tuberculosis-like disease in fish, its natural host [129]. The infection in fish has an average incubation period of 3 months. It affects viscera and produce anorexia with emaciation, skin defects, distension of the abdomen, being cause of sudden death [11, 12, 66]. In 1904, Alexander described for first time lesions in a cod fish that were associated with acid fast bacilli. But it was Aronson in 1926 that isolated the bacteria from tubercles of fish that died in an aquarium of Philadelphia. He described the bacilli as acid fast, chromogenic, pleomorphic and growing best at 18 º-20 ºC. Aronson suggested the name of Mycobacterium marinum [130]. M. marinum is as well the causative agent of the human disease called fish tank granuloma, also known as swimming pool granuloma or fish fancier ´s finger syndrome. In 1951 Norden and Linell reported for the first time the human disease in a swimming pool outbreak in ÃÆ'–rebro, Sweden. They described the lesions as chronic papulous ulcerations, usually located in the elbows. The pathogen was isolated from the walls of that swimming pool as well as from the lesions of the patients. They called the pathogen isolated Mycobacterium balnei [131]. It was not until 1959 when Bojalil demonstrated that M. marinum and M. balnei were in fact, the same mycobacterium [132]. M. marinum is the most frequent cause of skin infection among the environmental mycobacterium that affects humans [86, 133]. Nowadays the frequency of human infections is mainly sporadic. But in the past, outbreaks related with swimming pools were not uncommon [134]. As an example, one of the biggest epidemics was in Glenwood springs pool, Colorado in 1956 with 262 cases reported [135]. That was before chlorination became a common practice. Chlorination makes water safer. As was seen recently in Bologna, were water from swimming pools were free of M. marinum. But still could be isolated in 4.5% of the samples from the shower floor of the same [136]. The real global incidence of the disease is not know because the number of cases are underreported, due probably to the difficulties in the diagnosis [94]. It is world wide distributed but with a tendency to aggregate geographically [137]. Like in Chesapeake bay, Maryland, where there is an incidence of 4 cases per 100000 population per year [138]. Meanwhile in California was estimated in 0.27 cases per 100000 adults [139]. Or in Satowan, Micronesia, with an estimated prevalence of 10% of the population [115]. Apparently the global annual incidence remains small and stable [140]. Even though an increase number of reported cases has been noticed in The United States, going from an average of 40 cases per year in the 80s to an average of 198 cases per year in the 90s [141]. What seems clearer is that differing from other atypical mycobacteria the prevalence of M. marinum has not increased with the HIV epidemic [140]. Opposite to humans, the incidence in fish is increasing in hatchery fish, probably due to the high population density of fish. Transmission is possible fish to fish and between fish and amphibians. In addition it has been proposed transmission through eggs and through practice of feeding fish with fish carcasses [140]. There are 2 groups or clusters of M. marinum with different pathogenicity. Cluster I is characterized by producing acute disease and death in fish and also for affecting humans. On the contrary, cluster II only affects fish producing the classical chronic disease with granuloma formation [9]. This is also supported by a study done in Israel were it was seen that only certain strains of M. marinum affected humans. They also demonstrate that in Israel strains affecting humans came from ornamental fish and not from local fish for consumption [5]. The mode of transmission to humans is mainly waterborne and fish borne. Person to person transmission has not been documented [137]. However, It has been described indirect transmission via fomites in at least 3 cases. Two very small children and one infant who acquired the infection after bathing in containers that were previously used to clean the family fish tanks of tropical fish [27, 40, 142]. As other environmental mycobacterium, M. marinum has commonly low pathogenicity. For this reason in normal conditions only affects disrupted skin [8]. The main risk factor to contract the infection consists in having lesions or abrasions in the skin with exposure to non chlorinated water or marine animals infected [140]. The most frequently nowadays is the exposure to private aquaria. But some times the source of exposure is unknown. As a consequence, after the description of cases following injuries with plants, it has been suggested the possibility that could be other reservoirs different from water and fish. Although at the present moment this possibility has not been demonstrated [30, 43]. The incubation period is usually 3 to 4 weeks [135]. Following, the most common manifestation is a cutaneous lesion at the site of inoculation. It initiates as a solitary nodule or pustule that eventually evolutes to an ulcer , abscess or verrucous plaque [143]. It affects more frequently the extremities, probably because the pathogen grows better at low temperatures [144]. The severity of the disease depends, among other factors, on the number of microorganisms inoculated [134] In 20% of the cases the cutaneous lesions spread along ascending lymphatic vessels. This is called sporotrichoid spread or nodular lymphangitis [143]. As a result of direct extension invasion of deep structures as tendons, articulations and bones occurs in 29% of the cases [144]. Systemic dissemination is unusual but has been described in immunocompromised patients [140]. Spontaneous resolution , usually with scaring , has been documented from months after the infection up to 2 years [133, 135]. The diagnosis is based on the history of exposure and risk factors along with the characteristic clinical features. It is supported with histopathology, culture and bacteriological identification that in some cases require molecular biology techniques [94, 120]. The fact is that the diagnosis is not easy and in most of the cases is either delayed or remain being presumptive based in the history and response to treatment. The objective of the treatment is to increase the speed of resolution and prevent progression of the disease [1]. With this purpose different combinations of antibiotics plus the support, in selected cases, of surgery are the common practices in the treatment of this infection. Although the election of the drugs still depends of the preference of individual authors and is not based on controlled evidence [143]. Aims and Objectives The overall aim of the project is to determine the current state of evidence for the diagnosis and treatment of M. marinum infection. Being the specific objective to review the literature and the series of HTD cases with the purpose of suggest appropriate diagnosis and case management of Mycobacterium marinum infection. Material and Methods Cases with diagnosis of fish tank granuloma were review. The cases were diagnosed and treated from 2000 to 2009 in the dermatology surgery of The Hospital of Tropical Diseases of the University College London Hospitals. There were included patients with either culture positive for M. marinum or clinical diagnosis plus response to appropriate treatment. The files of those patients were reviewed and data were collected in a questioner that included: anthropological data, past medical and drug history, risk factors and exposure, description and location of the lesions, spread or deep extension of the infection, incubation period , delay in diagnosis, diagnosis, treatment and evolution (see questioner in annex). Additional information considered relevant was as well collected. A literature review in Medline and Cochrane databases was done. The review included the combination of the following terms: Mycobacterium marinum or fish tank granuloma. It was limited to papers from 1999 to July 2009, English and Spanish literature and humans. The papers obtained in the search were divided in 3 categories. First, case reports in which it was possible to collect data from individual cases. Information of those papers was collected in the questionnaire previously mentioned. Second, case series of 14 or more cases in which data from individual cases was not reported. And finally, a miscellaneous category of papers that were considered relevant for the diagnosis and treatment of this infection. The information gathered in the questioners was computerized in Microsoft Excel 2007. No statistical analysis was done in view of the cases were publish not with this purpose. As a consequence probably important reporting bias would invalidate any statistical outcome. Simple description of the results was done. Results Cases of The Hospital of Tropical Diseases From 2000 to July 2009 there were collected 7 cases with diagnosis of Mycobacterium marinum infection. The 7 cases included 6 males and 1 female and their ages ranged form 31 to 65 years. All the cases admitted to have had contact with an aquarium. In two cases the exposure was occupational. One of them worked in the London Zoo being responsible of the management of the aquaria. The second was a cook in a restaurant that store crustacean in an aquarium. All the cases presented nodular lesions located in one of the upper limbs, six of them with sporotrichoid spread and one with a solitary nodule (see photos is annex). One patient that was taking oral prednisolone due to severe atopic eczema presented with tenosynovitis of the left hand, sporotrichoid spread and palpable regional lymphonodes. The rest of the patients were not immunosuppressed. Biopsy of the lesions was performed in all the cases. However AFB were found just in one case. Whereas cultures were positive in 5 cases for M. marinum. In the other two cases the diagnosis was done based on history of exposure, clinical characteristics and positive response to treatment. Different combinations of antibiotics were used with no clear advantage of any regimen in particular. In 4 patients it was need to change the regiment. The reasons were drug intolerance in one case and lack of improvement in the rest. There was also one case that initially was improving with a regimen of rifampicin plus minocycline. But after simplification of the regiment to clarithromycin monotherapy presented worsening of the lesions. This case was eventually controlled switching to minocycline plus ethambutol. There was one patient who presented a relapse after one year of the previous infection. Finally it was cured with 6 months of rifampicin plus clarithromycin. Susceptibility test was done in 3 cases. It was detected resistance to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole and rifampicin in one case and susceptibility to clarithromycin, ethambutol and doxycycline in 3 cases. The average time of duration of the treatment was 6 months with a range of 2 to 9 months. Surgery was not required in any patient. The final outcome was good in 5 patients being the other 2 lost of follow up (see table 1). Case No Age(y) /Sex Medical history Drug history Exposure Location Clinical characteristics Histology AFB results Culture Treatment Duration (months) Evolution 1 9/M No Aquarium Upper limb Multiple nodules sporotrichoid spread Granulomatous inflammation AFB + 1-RIF+DOX 2-RIF+EMB+DOX 3-RIF+EMB+CLR 7 Cured 2 61/F Psoriasis Chronic paronychia Aquarium Upper limb 3 nodules Sporotrichoid spread AFB + 1-MIN 2 Improving Lost of follow up 3 64/M No Aquarium Upper limb Multiple nodules Sporotrichoid spread Noncaseating granuloma 1-EMB+TET 2-RIF+EMB+INH 9 Relapse after 1year 3(*) 65/M Fish tank granuloma Aquarium Upper limb Multiple nodules Sporotrichoid spread 1-RIF+CLR 6 Cured 4 59/M Severe atopic eczema Systemic steroids Aquarium Upper limb Multiple nodules Sporotrichoid spread Tenosynovitis AFB + 1-DOX 2-RIF+EMB 3-RIF+EMB+CLR 4-ERI+MIN ? Lost of follow up 5 44/M No Aquarium Upper limb 5 nodules Purulent discharge Sporotrichoid spread Necrotizing granulomatous inflammation AFB- + 1-RIF+MIN 2-CLR 3-MIN+EMB 3.5 Cured 6 31/M No Aquaria (London Zoo) Finger Solitary nodule AFB + 1-CLR+EMB 4 Cured 7 49/M No Aquarium (Restaurant) Upper limb 5 nodules Sporotrichoid spread + 1-RIF+EMB 5 Cured (*) Notice that case number 3 is repeated. It belongs to the same patient that the one above but one year later. The patient presented a relapse after one year of being cured. Results from the literature review From 1999 to July 20009 there were found 233 results in Medline database and zero In Cochran Library. From those, 127 were considered relevant and consequently analysed in this review. From the 127 papers reviewed, 108 contained case reports and the 19 remaining were a miscellaneous of reviews or original articles covering issues related with diagnosis and treatment. No clinical trials or randomized control trials were found. In those years the literature reported a total of 516 cases of M. marinum infection. From those cases reported only 133 could be analyzed as individual cases. The rest of cases were reported as series of cases (See figure 1). The number of cases reported per year since 1999 up to July 2009 have been variable with a minimum of 6 cases per year in 2004 to a maximum of 88 cases in 2000. No clear tendency to increase neither decrease has been notice (see Figure 2). The majority of the cases have been reported in Europe, North America and South East Asia. No cases have been reported in Africa and only one case in South America (see Figure 3). Results from papers that could be analyzed as individual cases The reports included 82 men and 51 women. The average age was 46.7 years with a minimum of 18 months and a maximum of 87 years (see Figure 4). 70% of the patients had no relevant past medical history. 9% of the patients were immunosuppressed: 5 patients had HIV infection, 4 were recipients of solid organ transplant, 1 patient had a myelodisplastic syndrome, 1 had Non-Hodking Lymphoma and 1 had Chronic Lymphocytic Leukaemia. Among other relevant pathologies were reported 12 diabetic patients, 11 with rheumatic diseases and finally 5 that were suffering from other problems as: asthma, bullous pemphigoid, myasthenia gravis, Cronh ´s disease and sarcoidosis. The majority of the patients were not taking any relevant drug. However, 20 of them were on systemic steroids, 12 had received steroids as local injection, 10 took methotrexate and 9 TNF-blockers. The most frequent exposure referred was the contact with an aquarium usually of tropical fish, it was reported in 51% of the cases. It was followed in 26 cases (20%) by other kind of contact with fish mainly referred as contact while cooking or cleaning fish. Finally 16 cases (14%) had other kind of contact with water environment. That included mostly fishermen or recreational sailors. Opposite to papers from the 60s, only in 2 patients referred contact with swimming pools. In 15 cases (11%) the source of exposure was not recall or reflected in the papers. Injury related with plants was reported in 3 cases. In one case the exposure was a bucket. The bucket was used to bath a child of 18 months after being used to put fish from an aquarium. As a result the child got infected [40]. History of trauma with skin barrier impairment was referred in 46 cases (71%) of the patients. Among those, 18 cases (39%) recall direct injury with either fin fish, fish hook or crab bite. Occupational exposure was reported in 20 cases (15%). The most frequent occupational risk was to be cook and have injuries while cleaning fish. Another common job of high risk was to work in a pet shop, with the duty of cleaning aquaria. Finally fishermen are evidently in direct contact with water and fish and prone to suffer injures with fish hooks. The incubation period was documented only in 30 patients. It went from 1 day up to 4 months with and average of 48.9 days. The cases that presented an incubation period less than two weeks had in common to have suffered penetrating injuries with fish (figure 5). The upper limbs were affected in 120 case (90.2%), being the fingers the most frequent location. The lower limbs were affected in 11 cases (8.3%). The face in 7 cases (5.3%) and that included delicate locations as nostrils, eyelid and cornea. Finally, cutaneous dissemination was reported in 7 cases (5.3%). Sporotrichoid spread was found in 53 cases (39.8%). Lymphonodes affectation was recorded in only in 7 cases (5.3%) of the cases. The lesions were described as nodules in 63 cases (7%), plaques in 23 (17.35%), papules in 13 (9.8%) and ulcers in 22 (16.5%). There was purulent discharge in 32 cases (24.1%), as well as swelling and tenderness in 37 (27.8%) and 42 (72.4%) cases respectively. Involvement of deep structures was referred in 45 cases (33.8%) of the cases being the most frequent tenosynovitis with 34 cases (75.6%), followed by arthritis with 12 (26.7%) and osteomyelitis with 6 (13.3%). Systemic dissemination with documented bacteraemia was reported in 3 cases. The 3 of them were males from 66 to 87 years. In 2 cases the patients were on systemic steroids, due to myasthenia gravis[103] in one case and polymyalgia rheumatica[62] in the other. Sadly the third case that initially was not taking drugs, after being misdiagnosed as rheumatoid arthritis was put on systemic steroids, infliximab (TFN blocker) and methotrexate [59]. From the patients with invasive disease, including involvement of deep structures or systemic dissemination, 21 (46.6%9 were taken some kind of immunosuppressive drug. Meanwhile only 13 (15.5%) of the rest of the patients were taken them (see figure 6). Other interesting characteristic of the patients with invasive disease was that 15 (33.3%) of them referred direct fish injury. Only 3 (3.4%) of the rest had this exposure (see figure 7). Patients that for any reason were taken immunosuppressive drugs presented different characteristics from the rest of the patients. More than half of them presented invasive disease compared with only 20% of the rest (see table 2). Patients taking immunosuppressive drugs (*) Patients no taking any drugs Number of patients 36 91 Average age (years) 53.2 44.9 Female % 14 / 38.9% 36 / 39.6 % Sporotrichoid spread 13 / 36.1% 39 / 42.8% Involvement deep structures 21 / 58.3% 19 / 20.8% Systemic dissemination 3 / 8.3% 0 AFB positive 19 / 52.7% 33 / 36.3% Culture 33 / 91.6% 75 / 82.4% Bad evolution 2 / 5.5% 3 / 3.3% (*)Immunosuppressive drugs including: TNF-Blockers, systemic steroids, local injectable steroids, methotrexate and azathioprine. The time of evolution until the patients presented for consultation was as short as 4 days and as long as 18 years with an average of 8.6 months. The time until the diagnosis was finally done was only reflected in 17 patients. However the delay went from 21 days to 2 years with an average of 6.3 months. Tuberculosis skin test was only done in 19 patients. From those 86.4% were positive. Biopsy of the lesions was done in 120 cases (90.2%). Aspirate was reported only in 19 cases (1 4.3%). Histology characteristics suggestive of mycobacterial infection with granuloma formation were found in 45.5% of the biopsies. However, only 21% of those were described as caseating granulomas. Other frequent finding reported was mix infiltrates with chronic and acute inflammatory cells. In some cases a wrong diagnosis was done due to confusion with rheumatoid nodules, Sweetà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s syndrome, foreign body granuloma or interstitial granuloma annulare (See table 3). Table 3: Histology Findings Histology description Number of patients Non caseating granuloma 19 Caseating granuloma 12 Granuloma( type not specified) 26 Infiltrates of chronic and acute inflammatory cells (lymphocytes , neutrophils, histiocytes) 18 Granulation tissue 6 Abscess formation 9 Necrotizing folliculitis 1 Focal dermal necrosis 3 Fibrinoid degeneration 1 Necrotizing paniculitis 2 Cystic degeneration 1 Pseudoepitheliomatous hyperplasia 4 Acute suppurative paniculitis 1 Fibrinous exudates 3 Lichenoid inflammation 1 Acanthosis in epidermis 2 Necrotic Corneal Stroma 1 Dermal fibrosis 2 à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Pseudocarcinomatous hyperplasia of follicles à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Nodular and perifollicular infiltrate of neutrophils and histiocytes à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Dermal fibrosis à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Collections of neutrophils within follicles 1 patient with lesions of 18 years evolution Confusion with other pathologies Rheumatoid Arthritis ( rheumatoid nodule) 2 Sweet ´s syndrome 2 Foreign body granuloma 2 Interstitial gra nuloma annulare 2 In the samples collected AFB was found in 41.7%, was negative in 34.6% and was not reported in 23.6%. In total identification of M. marinum was possible in 119 cases (89.5%). Culture was positive in 114 cases (85.7%). The time until the cultures grew went from 8 to 56 days, with an average of 23.3 days. Identification with PCR was done in 19 cases (14.2%). The imaging techniques were useful to diagnose extension of the infection. Radiographies were used in 25 cases (18.7%) to rule out bone involvement. Magnetic resonance imaging was used in 16 cases (12%) resulting in the diagnosis of tenosynovitis, abscess, join effusions or osteomyelitis. About the treatment, 126 patients were treated with antibiotics; in the rest of the cases the management is not mentioned. Surgery was need in 38 patients (84.4%) with affectation of deep structures and in 21 patients (25%)with cutaneous lesions. Monotherapy was used in 54 cases (42.8%), bitherapy in 38 cases (29.4%), triple therapy in 20 cases (15%) and combination of 4 or more drugs in 5 cases (4%). Finally combinations of drugs that included classical tuberculosis treatment were used in 10 cases (8.7%). In 41 patients the regimen of drugs needed to be change, either for non effectiveness or non tolerance. The regiment was change one time in 29 cases (21.8%), two times in 10 cases (7.5%), and up to 3 times in 2 patients (1.5%). The drug more frequently used as monotherapy was clarithromycin, followed by minocycline, doxycycline, ciprofloxacin and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole. The combinations of drugs more frequently used were rifampicin + ethambutol followed by clarithromycin + rifampicin and clarithromycin + ethambutol. (Effectiveness of the different regimens depending of the extension of the disease can be seen in table 4) Susceptibility test were reported in 34 patients. Rifampicin was susceptible in 86.4% of the test, ethambutol in 91.3%, clarithromycin in 95% and minocycline in 62.5%. Isoniazid was resistant in 100% of the tests done and streptomycin in 66.6% (see table 5). The average time of duration of antibiotic treatment was 5.4 months, with a range of 12 days to 15 months. After completion of the treatment the final evolution of 109 patients (81.9%) was reported as good outcome or cured. Only in 8 patients (6%) the evolution was reported as bad outcome. No mention about the evolution was done in the rest of cases. Among 12 patients in which long follow up was reported, only one patient presented recurrence of the infection after 3 months course of doxycycline. (Characteristics of the cases with bad outcome are resumed in table 6. Table 4:: Antibiotic Combinations Used Depending On The Extension of The Disease Patients with only cutaneous lesions Patients with Invasive disease Number of patients Effectiveness Number of patients Effectiveness Monotherapy 38 52.5% 16 75% CLR 8 75% 5 100% MIN 10 70% 1 100% DOX 8 50% 1 100% CIP 4 25% 2 50% CTX 2 100% 3 33.3% AZI 3 0% 0 AMK 1 0% 0 ERI 0 1 0% LEV 0 1 0% MOX 1 0% 0 OFL 1 0% 2 50% Combinations of 2 drugs 26 92% 11 83.3% CLR + EMB 6 100% 2 100% CLR + CIP 1 100% 0 CLR + MIN 1 100% 0 CLR + RIF 5 80% 0 CLR +CTX 1 100% 0 RIF + EMB 9 100% 5 60% RIF + CTX 0 1 100% RIF + INH 0 1 100% CIP +DOX 1 100% 0 CIP + EIR 1 0% 0 DOX +CTX 0 2 100% CIP + EMB 1 100% 0 Combinations of 3 drugs 13 72.7% 7 66.6% CLR + EMB + CIP 0 1 0% CLR + EMB + RIF 2 100% 5 100% CLR + EMB +RFB 0 1 0% CLR +CTX + CIP 1 0% 0 EMB + AZI + MIN 1 0% 0 RIF + CLR + AMK 1 100% 0 RIF + INH + CLR 1 0% 0 RIF + EMB + CTX 5 100% 0 RIF + EMB + DOX 1 0% 0 RIF + EMB + MOX 1 0% 0 Combinations of > than 3 drugs 2 100% 3 33.3% CIP+RIF + EMB + CLR + RFB + AMK 0 1 100% CLR + DOX + RIF + EMB 0 1 0% RIF + EMB + CLR + AMK + IMP 0 1 0% RIF + EMB + AZ I+ CTX 1 100% 0 RIF + EMB + CLR + CIP 1 100% 0 Combinations with TB treatment 1 100% 9 55.5% INH + RIF + EMB + CLR 1 100% 1 0% INH + RIF + EMB 0 3 100% INH + RIF + EMB + PZA 0 4 50% INH + RIF + EMB + PZA + CLR 0 1 0% TABLE 5: PATTERN OF SUSCEPTIBILITY Drug Number of patients Susceptible Resistant Indeterminate Isoniazid 9 9 Rifampicin 22 19 3 Ethambutol 23 21 2 Pyrazinamide 1 1 Streptomycin 6 1 4 1 Rifabutin 2 2 Azithromycin 4 1 3 Clarithromycin 20 19 1 Minocycline 8 5 1 2 Doxycycline 6 6 Tetracycline 2 1 1 Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole 6 5 1 Ciprofloxacin 11 6 1 Levofloxacin 1 1 Moxifloxacin 4 4 Gatifloxacin 1 1 Amikacin 9 9 Linezolid 1 1 Imipenem 2 2 Erythromycin 2 1 1 Cefotaxime 2 1 1 Kanamycin 3 3 Ethionamide 3 3 Ansamycin 1 1 The table reflects in how many patients each drug was tested and in how many it resulted as susceptible, resistant or indeterminate. TABLE 6: CHARACTERISTICS OF CASES WITH BAD OR POOR OUTCOME References Age Sex Past medical history Type of infection Treatment Duration treatment (months) Evolution [25] 67/M DM Cutaneous disseminated RIF+EMB+CLR+CIP 3.7 Deceased Secondary bacterial infection [26] 50/M No Tenosynovitis RIF+EMB Synovectomy 3 Dysfunctional index finger [46] 62/F No Tenosynovitis CLR 4 debridements 6 Amputation index finger [46] 26/M No Tenosynovitis DOX+CTX 4 debridements 3.5 Persistent infection Need of grafting [73] 56/M No Tenosynovitis Local gentamicin Synovectomy 3 drainages ? Deformity [83] 47/M HIV infection Osteomyelitis 1-INH+RIF+EMB+PZA 2-Avobe + Fluoroquinolone 3-RFB+EMB+CIP 4-RFB+CIP ? Amputation Knee [88] 60/F NHL Systemic steroids Cutaneous disseminated 1-Ofloxacine 2-RIF+EMB+LEV+CLR 3-Above+STR+IG 4-CTX+MOX ? Continue with signs of active infection [103] 81/M Myasthenia gravis Systemic steroids Cutaneous and systemic dissemination 1-CIP 2-Hyperthermia 3-DOX intravenous 5 Deceased Bone marrow infected by M.marinum Results from papers that contain series of 14 or more cases There were 14 papers that contained series of cases with no available information of individual cases. As a consequence, individual cases could not be analyzed separately. There were 2 papers that reported the same series of cases in different years, the cases were counted just once. The principal characteristics of the papers are described in the table 7. There were 363 cases reported, 68% were males with an average of 44.3 years. In most of the cases the past medical history was not relevant; only 4 cases of HIV infection were reported. The most frequent exposure was to own an aquarium in 134 cases (37%). There was other kind of contact with fish in 37 cases (10%), swimming pool contact in 7 cases (2%) and other kind of contact with water in 58 cases (16%). In the rest of cases exposure was not mention. Finally occupational exposure was referred in 68 cases (19%). The incubation period was not reported. The upper limbs were affected in 245 cases (67%), the lower limbs in 78 cases (21%), the face in 3 cases (0.8%) and there was cutaneous dissemination in 10 cases (3%). Sporotrichoid spread was reported in 46 cases (12%). The lesions were described as plaques in 92 cases (25%) and nodules in 54 cases (15%). Deep structures were affected in 45 cases (12%): 41 tenosynovitis (91%), 8 arthritis (18%) and 3 osteomyelitis (6%). There were no cases of systemic dissemination described in any of the series. The average in the delay until the diagnosis was done was 3.8 months. The drugs more commonly used as monotherapy were doxycycline, minocycline, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole and clarithromycin. The combinations more prescribed were rifampicin plus ethambutol, rifampicin plus clarithromycin and clarithromycin plus ethambutol. The effectiveness of the treatments were not frequently reported. Consequently is not possible to point the advantage of any concrete regimen (see table 8). The average duration of the treatment was 5 months. Surgery was reported in 73 cases (20%). The evolution was good in 225 cases (62%), poor in 15 cases (4%) and not mention in the rest. There were 5 papers that contained series of cases of atypical mycobacterial infecti